CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT NOTES 05

NOTES - 05

EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT TIPS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS 

AND PLANT & MACHINERY ENGINEERS

AN INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

HOW TO PLAN AND SELECT EQUIPMENT FOR A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

1.0 HOW TO SELECT THE EQUIPMENT

Factors to be first considered in selecting suitable equipment are discussed below:

Scope of work to be carried out: Apart from the evaluation of the quantities of various items of work and the timeframe within which the work is required to be carried out, the specification for work will have a bearing on the selection of equipment.

The equipment already available with the construction agency:

Some items of the equipment may already be available with the construction agency, presently idle. Such items, though not ideally suited for the project being evaluated, may still have to be considered for use. Even though typical outputs with such equipment may be some-what less, this may have to be counter- balanced against depreciation for the idle equipment which would otherwise have to be procured. On many occasions, apparently, idle equipment may prove to be more expensive. Also time and capital limitations may oblige the construction agency to use the available equipment. Even if there is no limitation regarding capital, if new equipments in short supply with long delivery schedules, it is prudent to use the available equipment.

The money spent on purchase of construction equipment shall be treated as an investment which the construction agency is expected to recover with profits during the useful life of the equipment. The equipment must pay for itself. Thus it is prudent to think of investing in equipment only when it can be established in advance that the equipment will earn more than the cost.

 2.0 PLANNING FOR EQUIPMENT

Equipment planning shall include the following aspects:-

i. Selection of equipment

ii. Number and sizes of units

iii. Matching capacities

iv. Schedule of procurement

v. Arrangement of skilled staff for operation and maintenance

vi. Establishment of service and repair facilities

vii. Maintenance of spare parts inventory

viii. Decision regarding number of shifts per operation thus a systematic approach in respect of planning for equipment is necessary, incorporating all the factors detailed above. In addition an important factor to be considered is the necessary inter-disciplinary acceptance of the planning for equipment. In a majority of the cases project may be headed by a Civil Engineer whereas the construction equipment management will demand close liaison with mechanical and electrical engineers. It will be prudent to have detailed consultations among the disciplines before the final choice of the equipment.

Having taken a decision to go in for additional equipment, the following factors are required to be evaluated:

Suitability for job commissions - The nature of site terrain will often affect the cost of constructing the plant and its supporting facilities. The plant must be accessible to transportation facilities to be used. There may be limitations in respect of the quality and capacity of roads, waterways, bridges etc. which may limit the size of transport vehicles used.

Infrastructure - The availability and cost of infrastructure are important considerations:

The supply of electricity from public utilities is either not available or not dependable. Diesel powered equipment will be required or electricity may have to be generated at site. Water supply is equally critical, when required in large quantities for washing raw materials or for cooling purposes.

3.0 STANDARDISATION OF EQUIPMENT

It is desirable to have a minimum number of types of equipment in order to facilitate minimum inventory of spare parts as well as common maintenance facilities. With minimum number of types, the task of training skilled manpower for operation and maintenance for the machines is also streamlined. As far as possible the common type of prime movers should be envisaged for the different machines. Even for the routine maintenance the task becomes very complex if such standardization or at least reduction of varieties is not planned in advance. While it is comparatively easy to go in for standardization through variety reduction when all the equipment or project is purchased afresh, the problem gets complicated if part of the available equipment has to be planned for use along with the newly purchased equipment. On one of the major projects in India it has been observed that in the absence of any attempts at standardization, 19 different types of lubricants, oils and greases have to be maintained at the project site. With such large variety of oils, mistakes in identifications and wrong issues resulting in deterioration of machines are quite common.

4.0 SIZES OF THE EQUIPMENT

Items of equipment are available in a wide variety of sizes - small, medium and large. While large size equipment is capable of better outputs, the repairs and maintenance facilities need to be greater as transportation to and from the project site is usually difficult and expensive. However, large-size machines are known to be more sturdy and suitable for though working conditions. In the event of failure of one primary unit of large-size, several other large-size units of matching operations may be rendered idle. The need for having standby equipment is also required to be considered before choosing the size of the equipment. On many occasions the choice of two medium-size items vis-a-vis one large-size may prove beneficial.

It is desirable to select from established manufacturers of proven capacities. The ready availability of spare parts with the manufacturers shall also be ensured before choice of the equipment. It is generally easier to dispose of standard equipment supplied by well known manufacturers.

The machine selected should be as far as possible capable of multiple functions, operating with inter-changeable tools. Most of the earthmoving equipment items from established manufacturers provide this facility.

For specialized work such as tunneling etc. the choice of the equipment needs very careful consideration as they are capital intensive. The equipment may be idle for long periods between uses unless the construction agency has already secured a large number of identical projects where the equipment can be used over its useful life without interruption. Otherwise it is often desirable to go in for reconditioned secondhand equipment.

 5.0 CHOICE OF PRIME MOVERS

The choice of prime movers depends on the following factors :

i. Fuel efficiency

ii. The engine speed

iii. The transmission systems

Slow speed engines have an advantage for a number of machines in the Indian context. The wear and tear is minimum. Maintenance requirements are not complex. Parts replacement is also comparatively flexible. The life of the machine is also long.

However, from fuel efficiency consideration, high speed machines are advantageous.

 6.0 PLANNING FOR REPLACEMENT

Even where the available equipment is used, it is necessary to plan for replacement of such equipment at the end of its useful life. The cost of maintenance and repairs generally increase in geometric progression with older equipment. The total cost of owning and operating such old equipment will have to be evaluated before a decision is taken on replacement.

Apart from cost considerations, replacement may also be required due to obsolescence of the equipment, non availability of spare parts, environmental protection considerations etc. At the time of replacement the choice of new equipment should take into account the requirements of standardization and variety reduction.

7.0 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The climatic conditions under which the equipment will be required to operate will need consideration at the time of selection of equipment. Many of the items of equipment are originally designed for use in temperate climates. Suitable modifications are required for using such equipment in hot climatic conditions, in addition to revised maintenance schedules, frequency of lubrication and oil change etc.

8.0 LAYOUT OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT

The layout should ensure minimum movement of material, equipment and personnel as well as minimum processing time. Proper drainage should be planned. The wind conditions should be evaluated and provided for. Operations of items like tower cranes are highly prone to heavy winds. Crushers should be oriented so that the dust is carried by the wind away from the crusher. Supporting facilities such as generators, offices, stores etc. should be located out of the path of the dust flow. Adequate space must be provided for handling and storing raw materials as well as finished products. Covered storage may be required to protect it from the weather. Depending on the size of the project, paved areas may have to be provided for storing raw materials such as aggregates.

Wherever possible, separate service roads should be provided for incoming materials and outgoing products. As most of the service roads are not paved, provision must be made for adequate regular maintenance.

SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

The proper selection of equipment for any construction project involves decision on a number of parameters for economic operation and maintenance of the equipment. The following aspects need detailed consideration at the selection stage:-

1. Suitability for the job

The equipment selected should obviously match the dimensions of the job and ground conditions. Climatic and other operating conditions are also required to be borne in mind. A piece of equipment designed and manufactured for operations in temperate climatic conditions will not necessarily function satisfactorily under hot climatic conditions.

2. Use of available equipment

Use of available equipment, though not operating under optimum conditions, may sometimes have to be resorted to, taking into account the limited utility of any new equipment, depreciated low value of the available equipment etc. In short, the economics of the two alternatives will have to be evaluated before the final choice.

4.          Size of the equipment

The choice is indicated as neither a minimum number of large-size machines nor several units of medium/small capacity machines. Large size units will require matching equipment of equally larger sizes. It also suffers the disadvantage of total breakdown of operations in the event of one large-size unit's failure to operate. On the other hand, the main advantage is that the larger units are generally sturdier and are suitable for tough working conditions. The size of the standby equipment will also be a consideration in the choice of the size of the equipment.

4. Variety Reduction

It is desirable to have the minimum possible number of varieties of equipment. Preferably, the prime movers should be of a common type to facilitate interchange of prime movers between various machines, if required. Variety reduction also results in more efficient maintenance program.

5. Standardization

Standardized equipment manufactured in large number is generally readily available and cost effective. Spare parts availability is also an advantage. The resale value of the standardized equipment is always higher.

6. Versatility

The selected unit should, if possible, be capable of performing more than one function. In short, it should be of multi-purpose variety for use on different types of projects.

7. Utilization

The size and numbers of the equipment shall be fixed to ensure full utilization of the equipment on the projects. The economics of ownership and operation of the equipment shall be of paramount consideration.

8. Selection of manufacturer

It is desirable to have the units supplied by reputed manufacturers and to have minimum number of different sizes/makes of equipment.

9. Suitability for local conditions

The equipment should be such that the necessary technical and operating personnel could be easily obtained or trained with minimum efforts.

10. Adaptability

Adaptability for future use if machine is likely to work only for a short time on a particular project, and subsequent utilization on other projects should be kept in view. Full utilization of the equipment should be aimed at during the life of the machine, so that investment could be recovered with profits during its useful life.

11. Technical Considerations

The efficient performance of any piece of equipment and its service life are conditioned by the following factors -

1. Strength

2. Rigidity

3. Vibration stability

4. Resistance to wear

5. Heat resistance

6. Reliability

7. Maintainability

Strength: is defined as the property of a part to resist failure when acted upon by external loads. Parts of the machine may be acted upon by normal, accidental or emergency loads. The magnitude and nature of normal loads correspond to those specified for a given machine. These loads are used in calculating the durability of the machines. Accidental loads result from the most unfavorable combinations of loads acting upon a part of the machine. Such loads induce maximum stresses and as such, strength calculations are based on these loads. Emergency loads may be imposed as a result of faulty performance of machine or when the operating instructions are violated. These loads are introduced for calculating and planning safety devices so that the load acting on any part shall not exceed the accidental load referred to above.

While deciding on the basic strength requirements, a safety factor is used to account for the following aspects:

a. Variation in uniformity of the physical and mechanical properties of the material.

b. Variation in the possible determination of design loads and stresses.

c. Factor to allow for specific safety requirements based on the criticality of the component and the degree of consequent damage. Where safety of human lives is involved, the safety factor is calculated based on the national and international norms.

Rigidity

The rigidity of a part is characterized by the elastic deformation caused by the loads acting upon it. To maintain the requirements of rigidity the size and the quality of material are so chosen as to limit the magnitude of the deformation to the permissible level.

Otherwise normal performance of the machine may be disturbed - for instance, if the shaft for a gear system is of insufficient rigidity the performance of this system is disturbed as the shaft undergoes bending.

Vibration stability

Is defined as the capacity of each component to withstand vibration while the machine is in operation. Extensive vibration also results in damage of parts due to fatigue stresses.

Wear Resistance

The wear of a part manifests itself in changes in dimensions and properties of its surfaces. The following types of wear are indicated:

a. Mechanical - abrasive wear accompanied by brittle surface failure.

b. Molecular/mechanical wears resulting in seizing of the surface of two meeting parts.

c. Corrosion-mechanical wear

d. Molecular/thermal wear due to friction between parts Any type of wear reduces the strength, rigidity, durability and reliability of a part. It may also result in greater dynamic loads due to varying clearances in parts. Wear is reduced by proper lubrication, decreasing the pressure between them and also by preventing exposure of the affected surfaces to corrosive influences and abrasive particles.

Reliability is defined as the property which facilitates the functions during the service life of the machine, maintaining its operating characteristics within the intended limits. Reliability may be determined either for a machine as a whole or for its individual component, units and parts. Reliability is estimated by means of various indices such as a number of failures, average service life in hours, total distance logged in kilometers etc.

Maintainability of a machine is expressed as a ratio of the time the machine is rendered idle for repairs and maintenance to the operating time. Factors such as ready availability of parts for replacement and the percentage of parts that are interchangeable are also relevant.

Classification of Equipment

Any typical construction equipment may be classified in a number of ways:

a. The type of job

b. The nature of the working process

c. The operating conditions

d. The prime mover

e. The type of transmission

f. The output capacity

g. The type of control gear

In terms of the type of job, equipment used for construction operations are generally divided into the following classes :

i. Horizontal off-track vehicle

ii. Load lifting machines for erection work

iii. Machines for loading/unloading operations

iv. Continuous conveyance machines

v. Material handling machines

vi. Machines for excavation and preparatory works

vii. Drilling and pile driving equipment

viii. Machines for working on stone materials

ix. Materials for preparation, transportation and placement of concrete and mortar

x. Machines for finishing work

xi. Machines for making reinforced concrete products

xii. Power tools

xiii. Supporting equipment

In terms of duty, the equipment belonging to various groups are classified as intermittent action or continuous action machines.

The following types of prime movers are used as sources of power for operating the equipment.

a. Electric motor

b. Internal combustion engine

c. Pneumatic motor

d. Hydraulic motor

e. A combination of two or more sources for example : diesel-electric driven

Mobility

Machines are classified as stationary and mobile. The mobile units can further be subdivided as self-propelled, semi-trailer and trailer types. Based on the running gear, machines may be classified as crawler, pneumatic type units, rail mounted units and walking units.

E

ESTIMATION THE EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE NORMS

Selection of Equipment needs careful thought to ensure efficient and effective performance. Though the actual selection would depend on factors like type of the work, its magnitude location etc. certain guidelines can be laid down. Basically the various operations involved are as below:

a. Earth moving

i. Clearing and grubbing

ii. Stripping

iii. Earth work in cutting and embankment

iv. Spreading earth for bank work

v. Providing camber

vi. Watering

The following Table shows the suitable equipment for the works mentioned above.

EARTH MOVING OPERATION

Table-1

Selection of Equipment

No.		Operation		Suitable Plant	Remarks
i.	a.	Clearing & Grubbing	a.	Tractor mounted dozer	Blade to be used in bulldozing position
		Light/scrub & grass	b.	Grader motor	For light scrub
		Clearing debris rubble	a.	Tractor mounted dozer
			b.	Tractor with heavy duty winch	For large objects
ii.		Stripping Top soil	a.	Dozer, tractor mounted
			b.	Motorised- Scraper	300 m. to 3000 m. haul
				Tractor towed Scraper	60 m. to 3000 m. haul
				Grader, motor	light stripping
			c.
iii.		Earthwork in cutting and embankment	a.	Dozer, tractor mounted
		Light & medium soils	b.	tractor towed scraper	for hauls 60 m. to 300 m.
	a.		c.	motorised scrapers	hauls 300 m. to 3000 m.
			d.	Grader motor
			e.	Excavator and dump trucks
			f.	Front end loader
			g.	Tipping bucket
	b.	Heavy soil	a.	Dozer Tractor mounted	Upto 90 m. haul
			b.	Scraper ractor towed with pusher tractor to help loading or preceded by tractor towed rooter or tractor mounted ripper
				Motorised scraper with pusher tractor or preceded by tractor towed rooter	haul 60 m. to 300 m.
				Grader motor preceded by tractor towed rooter.
			c.
					haul 300 m. to 3000 m.
			d.
iv.		Spreading earth for bank work	a.	Scraper tractor towed	60 m. to 300 m.
			b. c.	Scraper motorised	300 m. to
			d.	Grader motor	3000 m.
			e.	Tipping trucks
				Dozer, tractor mounted
v.		Providing camber	a.	Grader motor
			b.	Dozer, tractor mounted
			c.	Scraper tractor towed motorised
vi.		Watering (Embankment or surfacing)		Truck or trailer mounted water tanker with water pump and sprinkler

Table – 2

No.	Work		Plant	Remarks
i.	Compaction of bankwork and subgrade soils	a.	Sheepsfoot roller
		b.	Smooth wheel and roller
		c.	Pneumatic tyred roller
		d.	Vibratory roller
		e.	Power rammer
ii.	Granular base and sub base	a.	Smooth wheeled roller
		b.	Vibratory roller
iii.	Macadam base/ sub base	a.	Smooth wheeled roller
iv.	Mix-in-situ bituminous base	a.	Steel wheeled roller
			Vibratory compactor
v.	Plant mix base course or surface course	a.	Three wheel roller
		b.	Tandem roller

 Table - 3

Plant and Equipment Concrete

No.	Operation	Pavement Plant
i.	Manufacturing Concrete	Concrete mixers
ii.	Compaction	Surface vibrators
iii.	Transporting Concrete	Equipment for conveying concrete will depend on site conditions
iv.	Curing of concrete	Water tanker truck mounted

Table - 4

Plant for bituminous road pavement

No.	Operation		Plant
i.	Surface dressing	i.	Bitumen boiler with sprayer or bitumen pressure sprayer
		ii.	Chip spreader
		iii.	Smooth wheeled roller
ii.	Penetration grouting semi grout/full grout	i.	Bitumen boiler with sprayer or Bitumen pressure sprayer
iii.	Premix carpet	i.	Hotmix plant of capacity, 6-10 T per hour
iv.	Seal coat	i.	Paver finisher
		ii.	Tipping truck

For work of large magnitude two or more mini hot-mix plants, a paver finisher and tipping truck for haulage form a desirable combination.

..... Table contd.

v.

Hot mixed bitumious macadam or Asphaltic concrete work

i.

Bitumen boiler with sprayer

General Notes:

1.  Comparisons between crawler mounted and wheel mounted bulldozers.

	Crawler mounted		Wheel mounted
i.	Delivers greater tractive effort.	i.	Higher travel speed
ii.	Suitable for    operations in loose or muddy soil	ii.	More output
iii.	Can operate in rocky formations without damage	iii.	Causes less fatigue to operators
iv.	Lower pressure under tracks hence greater flotation	iv.	Travels on paved  surface without causing damage
v.	More versatile		No hauling equipment necessary

2. Comparison between oil fired and coal fired/firewood fire

Boilers

	Oil Fired		Coal fired/Firewood fired
i.	Less heating time	i.	Less initial cost
ii.	More thermal efficiency	ii.	unskilled operator can operate
iii.	Better output	iii.	Operation cost is less
iv.	Needs less number of tar/bitumen boilers	iv.	Less efficient as compared to oil fired
v.	Easy to start/shut
vi.	No consumption of fuel when standing idle
vii.	Suitable for any season
viii.	Requires trained operators
ix.	High initial cost

5.  Comparison between batch type Hot-mix-plant and continuous hot mix plant

No.	Continuous type		Batch type
i.	Supply is continuous and hence output is more	i.	Better control on mix
ii.	Related equipment can also be put to maximum use	ii.	Gives better surface
iii.	Quality of mix can not be controlled precisely	iii.	Less output
		iv.	High initial cost

Classification of Hot mix plants

These are classified on the basis of capacity and their mobility.

1. 3T to 10T per hour capacity mobile or mini-plant

These plants are mounted on pneumatic wheels and can be moved easily. They are suitable for handling small lengths say up-to 10 km. But due to frequent shifting the total output is less. Because of the small capacity paver finisher cannot be used with a single plant but is ideally suited for manual work. Mini-plant of this nature is good for small jobs particularly in the nature of repairing and maintenance.

But mini plants have certain limitations.

i. The feed to the plant is taken from the road side and as such there is no precise control on the quality of output.

ii. Temperature loss is more.

iii. As paver finisher cannot be used with mini-plant and work is done manually the quality of the road surface may not be up-to the mark.

iv. Collection of the aggregate is required all along the road and this may affect gradation of the feed at different locations and as such there may not be uniformity over the entire length of the road.

v. Frequent shifting of the plant is involved in the use of mini-plant.

2. 10T to 45T per hour capacity or Portable plant.

Plant of this type can be easily dismantled and transported by road or rail. With its capacity it can handle road length upto 40 km. i.e. if such a plant is kept at a place it can operate for 20 km. on either side.

3. Up-to 60T per hour static plant.

These plants are installed at a permanent location for a long time. They can supply hot mix up-to a lead of about 30 km. In other words a road length of 60 km. can be easily tackled by a static plant installed at a suitable location midway.

Outputs and performance of the equipment:

Manufacturers of the equipment give output of their products. This however is based on ideal conditions which are difficult to obtain on working site. Naturally the actual output of equipment is different and may vary from site to site.

One of the important tasks of the planner is to assess the requirement of the plant and equipment on a particular job. For this he must know:

i. total quantity of work to be done and

ii. the output of the equipment proposed to be used.

Factors affecting the performance of equipment:

Factors which affect the performance and hence the output of an equipment have to be carefully considered.

Factors related to the job are required to be considered which include:

i. Swell and shrinkage of material handled

ii. Gradient of the haul road

iii. Rolling resistance of the haul road

iv. Climate and topography

v. Tractice efficiency

vi. Moisture content of materials handled

vii. Altitude

In addition to the above factors which more or less have to be accepted as they are on a job there are factors which relate to the way the job is managed. These factors include:

i. how well the operators are trained

ii. layout on job site

iii. proper matching of various allied equipment

iv. availability of the facilities for maintenance, repairs etc.

v. management and worker relationship

The actual output of equipment is a combined effect of factors related to job and to the management. While assessing annual output number of working days (actually the number of working hours) has relevance. Working days depend on the climatic conditions i.e. temperature, rainy season etc. Both these factors influence bituminous work. Assuming normal condition and single shift about 200 working days or about 1500 working hours would be reasonable basis of calculation.

Even though manufacturer indicated details regarding output, fuel/energy consumption, it is always desirable to maintain regular and elaborate records of the time for which the equipment is used, fuel/energy consumed, expenses on repairs and maintenance and output so that useful data in respect of cost per unit output or cost per unit time of use of the equipment etc. can be generated.

Estimating the requirement of the equipment:

Equipment on a road work (or on any work) has either to be purchased, obtained on hire or transferred from some other project. In either of the cases a fairly accurate estimate of the requirement of equipment has to be done so as to ensure that expenditure on equipment is not wasted. This needs planning well in advance.

Factors to be considered are:

i. What is the most desirable sequence of operations involved in the work?

ii. Which of the operations are to be performed by the machinery?

iii. In case some or all equipment is to be transferred from other projects how the programs of both the projects to be arranged so that there is no undue to and from movement of the equipment and at the same time the work is completed in optimum time.

Data required:

Basic data required for estimating the equipment are:

i. Quantities of items of work : Road Project is sub divided in operations like (a) Earth work (b) Aggregate production (c)transporting aggregate to road (d) metalling (e) compaction (f) wearing surface -- concrete/bituminous surface etc. Quantities of items are worked out.

ii. Period of completion of the project.

Period of completion would depend on the duration required for the various constituent items and the sequence in which they are proposed to be executed. Normally a given road work has to be completed in a stipulated period particularly when the work is to be completed on contract. In such cases the duration of the constituent operations have to be adjusted taking into consideration the activity interrelation and overall period of completion. While fixing the activity durations due allowance must be made for bad weather, monsoon, loss of time due to shifting equipment, break down, repairs and maintenance of equipment etc.

iii. Normally no work is possible for 3 to 4 months in a year due to monsoon. Further considering weekly holidays normally 25 days could be considered to be available for working. Though a working day is considered to comprise 8 hours, a part is spent in inevitable operations like shifting, waiting etc. Thus in about 200 days available, working hours would be about 1200-1500.

iv. From (i) to (iii) above a fair estimate of requirement of equipment can be done. Over and above this a suitable provision (to the extent of 10%) is done as stand by to take care of break down or unforeseen circumstances.

Conclusion

It would be obvious from the above details that the planner/estimator should have a good understanding of the work site, methods/techniques of work as well as the characteristics of the equipment, their output, factors affecting the output etc.

Appendix 1 shows the probable life of equipment and machines used on road construction while Appendix 2 shows their output per working day.

Appendix - 1

Approximate working life of the road construction equipment.

No.	Equipment	Working life (hrs)
1.	Stone crusher(400 mm x 225 mm size) capacity 10-12T per hour	10,000
2.	Granulator (300 mm x 175 mm) 4-5T per hour	10,000
3.	Diamond drilling machine	12,000
4.	Tractor Dozer	12,000
5.	Motor grader (3.6 m & above)	15,000
6.	Motorised scraper	12,000
7.	Towed scraper	15,000
8.	Pusher (crawler tractor)	12,000
9.	Soil stabiliser	12,000
10.	Trucks 5T & below	1,50,000
11.	Trucks above 5T	2,00,000
12.	Rear dumper	10,000
13.	Bitumen boiler	10,000
14.	Bitumen mixer	10,000
15.	Bitumen pressure distributor	15,000
16.	Bituminous Hot mix plant	15,000
17.	Paver finisher	15,000
18.	Chip spreader	15,000
19.	Road Roller 8-10T	18,000
20.	Tandem Roller 4-6T	18,000
21.	Concrete mixer 7-10T	8,000
22.	Vibrator	8,000
23.	Air Compressor	10,000
24.	Diesel pumping set	10,000 to 12,000
25.	Truck mounted water tanker	1,00,000

Appendix - 2

Probable output of road construction equipment

under normal conditions of working

No.	Equipment	Average output per day	Remarks
1.	Scraper motorised 9 - 11 cum size	138 - 140 cum
2.	Scraper towed 7 - 8.5 cum size	120 cum
3.	Rollers
	a. on soil	425 cum
	b. murrum and gravel	320 cum
	c. Rubble soling	42 cum
	d. Wearing surface of metal	30 cum
	e. Surface coating 1st coat	650 SQM
	f. Surface coating 2nd coat	930 SQM
	g. 20 mm carpet	465 SQM
	h. Seal coat	930 SQM
	i. Bitumen macadam	280 SQM
4.	Sheeps foot roller Earth work	595 - 600 cum
5.	Soil stabilizer	115 SQM
6.	Hot mix Plant (20T - 30T capacity)	120 T
7.	Paver Finisher (75T - 100T per hour)	450 T
8.	Bitumen Boiler	2250 kg
9.	Stone Crusher (400 mm x 225 mm)	72 cum
10.	Granulator	24 cum
11.	Trucks for transporting materials on well maintained road one way lead 8 km	6 trips
	one way lead 16 km	5 trips
	one way lead 32 km	4 trips
12.	Water tanker
	one way lead 4 km	14 trips